Aids Related Stigma Essays - HIVAIDS, Health, Discrimination

Aids Related Stigma Essays - HIVAIDS, Health, Discrimination Aids Related Stigma Introduction Since the appearance of AIDS in the late seventies and early eighties, the disease has had attached to it a significant social stigma. This stigma has manifested itself in the form of discrimination, avoidance and fear of people living with AIDS (PLWAs). As a result, the social implications of the disease has been extended from those of other life threatening conditions to the point at which PLWAs are not only faced with a terminal illness but also social isolation and constant discrimination throughout society. Various explanations have been suggested as to the underlying causes of this stigmatization. Many studies point to the relationship the disease has with deviant behaviour. Others suggest that fear of contagion is the actual culprit. Examining the existing literature and putting it into societal context leads one to believe that there is no one cause. Instead, there would appear to be a collection of associated factors that influence societys attitudes towards AIDS and PLWAs. As the number of people infected with HIV increases, social workers are and will be increasingly called upon to deal with and serve PWAs. Although not all social workers chose to work with PLWAs, the escalating incidence of HIV infection is creating a situation in which seropositive people are and will be showing up more often in almost all areas of social work practice. This paper aims to examine AIDS related stigma and the stigmatization process, hopefully providing insights into countering the effects of stigma and perhaps the possibility of destigmatization. This is of particular pertinence to the field of social work due to our growing involvement with the HIV positive population. Association to Deviant/Marginal Behavior One of the most clearly and often identified causes of AIDS related stigma is its association to deviant behaviour. The disease has had and still does have a strong association for many to homosexuality, IV drug use, sexual promiscuity and other liberations of sexual practice (OHare, et al., 1996; Canadian Associacion of Social Workers, 1990; Quam, 1990 & Beauger, 1989). An especially strong association exists between homosexuality and AIDS. This is largely due to the fact that, in the early years of the disease, it was far more prevalent within the gay community and almost non-existent outside of it. In fact, until 1982 the disease was referred to as GRID or Gay Related Immune Deficiency. Even today, AIDS is often referred to as the gay plague (Giblin, 1995). Even though AIDS is now far less prevalent in the homosexual community and increasingly more outside of it, this link still remains strong for many. Along with the historical context of AIDS, the media is partly to blame for this not so accurate association. The Canadian Association of Social Workers (1990) reports that, often the media has not distinguished between gay and AIDS, so that public understanding of homosexuality and AIDS has become enmeshed (p.10). In recent years, the media has started to make more accurate distinctions between homosexuality and AIDS, but messages are still mixed and often ambiguous. The situation is quite similar in regard to IV drug use, prostitution, and other activities commonly associated with AIDS. This focus that the media has put on marginalized groups incorrectly places emphasis on high risk groups rather than high risk activities. As a result, the word AIDS alone conjures, for many, images of those who deviate from what society deems to be normal behaviour. Already Stigmatized Groups Many of the groups to which AIDS is associated have long histories of stigmatization before the appearance of AIDS. Homosexuals, in western culture, have almost always suffered the effects of being a stigmatized population. The same is true of prostitutes, IV drug users, and people of color (OHare, et al., 1996; Giblin, 1995 & CASW, 1990). It is significant to mention colored populations, as the parts of the world that are most severely effected by AIDS, such as countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, and Haiti, are mostly populated by races other than Caucasian. As a result, a strong association has been also been made between AIDS and people of color (Quam, 1990). The fact that AIDS is associated with already stigmatized groups has two principal effects. First and most obvious, is that societys negative attitudes towards the group in question are transferred to AIDS and PLWAs. Second, is an amplification of the existing negative feelings that society holds towards the groups associated with the disease (CASW, 1990). As a result, homosexuals, prostitutes, colored people and other groups associated to HIV infection

Using the Oxford Comma (Or Serial Comma)

Using the Oxford Comma (Or Serial Comma) Using the Serial (or Oxford) Comma The band Vampire Weekend once memorably sang words to the effect of who gives a monkey’s about an Oxford comma? Well, we do, and the person reading and grading your paper will too! What Is the Oxford (or Serial) Comma? Overlooked by many, the Oxford (or serial) comma is a useful tool in writing. It is so-called because it is recommended by the Oxford University Press style guide. We use the Oxford comma primarily to avoid ambiguity in lists. To be specific, an Oxford comma is a comma used before the final and or or in a list of three or more items. We would thus use it like this: The American flag is red, white, and blue. Although a final comma is not strictly necessary here, you should still add it if your colleges style guide specifies using Oxford/serial commas. Why Use the Oxford Comma? To see why the Oxford comma is sometimes necessary for clarity, we can take a look at a list where the final item is potentially ambiguous: The most important things in my life are my friends, God and Michael Jordon. Here, for example, it is unclear whether the speaker is referring to three distinct things or simply identifying God and Michael Jordan as her friends. Adding the serial comma removes this ambiguity by showing that each one is a separate item in the list: The most important things in my life are my friends, God, and Michael Jordon. The Oxford comma is also useful when one item in a list includes and or or already, as it can clarify the divisions. For instance, take the sentence: My favorite activities are basketball, singing and dancing and acrobatics. We know from the repeated and here that either singing and dancing or dancing and acrobatics are meant to be taken together. But the list doesnt make clear which. Adding the Oxford comma solves this: My favorite activities are basketball, singing and dancing, and acrobatics. Be sure to check your style guide, too, as some institutions have specific rules regarding use of the Oxford comma. And if you would like more grammar advice, or someone to look over your writing, get in touch with the professionals at Proofed today!

Macroeconomic Analysis of the Indian Economy Assignment

Macroeconomic Analysis of the Indian Economy - Assignment Example 8). Gross domestic product Gross domestic product indicates an economy’s productivity and possible investment advantages from the economy. High gross domestic product shows positive prospects and increasing trend implies a growing economy with investment opportunities and high demand for utilities among its citizens (Dwivedi 2012, p. 55). India’s gross domestic product is relatively high; it has been estimated at about $ 1867 billion and its possible implications on the proposed investment can be explored from its trend. Trend in the country’s economic data for the past eight years identifies an increasing gross domestic product and this shows an increasing productivity level. The economy reported gross domestic product at about $ 834 billion in 2006, a value that increased to about $ 949 billion in the fiscal year ended in 2007, and $ 1238.6 billion in the fiscal year ended 2008. The economy’s gross domestic product recorded $ 1867.4 billion by the year. This trend identifies the economy’s growth potentials and it is therefore suitable for the proposed investment. The increasing trend also means availability of utilities and employment opportunities (Exim Bank 2013, p. 1). Service industry is the most active in the economy followed by the industrial sector. The service industry contributes more than half of the economy’s gross domestic product with the industrial and agricultural sector as the other major contributors. A review of the gross domestic product by sectors over the past eight years further identifies a decline in significance of the agricultural sector to the economy and an increase in significance of the service industry’s significance. Significance of the industrial sector has however been constant. The agricultural sector and its... This paper makes a conclusion that consumer price index is another significant indicator for evaluation. Consumers prices have been gaining stability over the past years and this further ascertain stability in money value. The country’s consumer index is however high and this communicates high living standards besides high ability to spend. Further, the high propensity to spend communicates high local demand for the investment should it be done in India. Foreign direct investment into the economy has been increasing and the trend identifies recognition of the country’s investment potentials by global investors. The macroeconomic indicators therefore identify positive investment prospects with the Indian economy because the indicators have been improving in the past years. The economy’s gross domestic product, exchange rate, current account balance, foreign direct investment, and consumer price index indicate increasing stability. In addition, the country’s political environment, accessibility to the global economy, and its investment oriented fiscal and monetary policies identify its suitability to the company’s proposed investment. Its inflation rate and the low unemployment rate, however, raise concerns of potential economic challenges. Poor technology may further challenge the investment, but technology can be imported. This report therefore recommends the Indian economy for the proposed investments because of the diverse economic advantages that outweighs the possible disadvantages.

Questions 7 & 8 psychosocial dev Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questions 7 & 8 psychosocial dev - Essay Example â€Å"Observations of physical development reveal that growth is cephalocaudal (it proceeds from head to tail) and proximodistal (it proceeds from the center of the body outward) and that gross motor movements are developed before fine motor movements. Control of head and arm muscles is achieved before control of leg muscles. Similarly, children are able to control the muscles of their arms before they can control the fine muscles in their hands that are needed for tasks such as writing and cutting with scissors.† (Brewer, 2001, p13). This explains why a human first masters balancing his head and back before learning to stand and walk, and why younger children move their arms clumsily when attempting to paint until they master the skill of holding a brush or a pen properly and exerting enough pressure to write some strokes. The â€Å"Initiative vs. Guilt† stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial development usually happens during the preschool years of ages 3-6. At this age, the basic task is to gain competence and initiative. The child has a boundless supply of energy which permits him to learn all kinds of activities and ideas quickly and avidly. In discovering that he is capable of doing many things, he gets to attempt a lot of tasks that he may not be ready for. In the event that he fails in such tasks, he may become overwhelmed by resignation, guilt and anxiety. The preschool age is characterized by enthusiasm at proving one’s competencies by initiating or volunteering for tasks. The child is out to pursue evidences that he or she is already a â€Å"big† boy or girl and no longer a helpless baby. However, the reality that his youth brings many limitations to his abilities that need more time and practice to be honed, usually sets in and may cause him frustration and guilt at failing. If he is not able to deal with the frustration properly, then he may defer from taking

Life in Pompeii Essay Example for Free

Life in Pompeii Essay The amphitheatre was built in 70bc by the magistrates to provide entertainment for the people of Pompeii. The Pompeii amphitheatre is the oldest surviving amphitheatre in the Roman world. The capacity was 24000 and because seats were numbered, only the most important people of Pompeii would be allowed to sit at the front. The amphitheatre was mainly used for games that lasted a week and were funded by the magistrates. While entering the stadium, the people would salute the important dignitaries. Political Life: The amphitheatre was built by magistrates and events were fully funded by them aswell. Although built for the whole city to enjoy, only special people could sit at the front. Cultural Life: The amphitheatre was made from stone and included a parapet that separated the stand from the arena. The parapet was decorated with frescoes of gladiatorial combat which over time have been lost. Events that were primarily used at the amphitheatre were gladiatorial battles, hunts, and wild beast fights. The Basilica Economic and Political Life: The Basilica was a structure in the Forum where legal and business activities took place. It was built in-between 120bc and 78bc and was 24 by 55 metres in size. The basilica was originally a market but was changed in the first century to become the new law courts Cultural Life: The Basilica was covered by a large, double pitched tiled roof and the entrance had five doors with wooden shutters, the large hall was surrounded by twenty eight ionic columns, 11 metres in height. On the west side, stood a two story structure known as the Tribunal which was guarded by a statue of Augustus. The marbel panels on the side walls were decorated in the first style art and graffiti was found everywhere, not unusual in Pompeii. The Baths: Economic life: Just about everyone except slaves and the poor visited the baths as not only was it a place for cleaning but also a social hub. The baths would be opened at around midday and remained open well into the evening. Most people were accompanied by slaves who assisted them with their cleaning. Political life: Pompeii had four main baths, the forum baths, the stabian baths, the central baths and the amphitheatre baths. The stabian baths were the oldest and biggest baths in Pompeii and date as far back as the early 4th century. The baths has a Apodyterium, a frigidarium, a tepiderium, a caldarium, toilets and the stabian baths featured a swimming pool. Usually the baths were divided between men and women and when this wasn’t the case, men and women would attend the baths at different times. There was however mixed bathing in some places. Cultural Life: Apart from cleaning, at the baths people also enjoyed physical activity and sport at the palestra. There was also massage, music, poetry, reading and business contacts to be made. Graffiti and wall drawings also depicted sexual activity at the baths. Women wore modest clothing and men wore either trunks or bathed naked. The floor was made of square stones and supported brick columns and there was space between the tiles and walls because of the use of the special nipple tiles. The hot air generated from the furnace located at the back of the caldarium would flow up between the tiles and the wall, heating all the rooms. Via Del Abbondanza The Via Dell Abbondanza was the main street of Pompeii and the main business district of the city. The streetscape had a grid like pattern which although was popular in other roman times, was not precisely applied in Pompeii. The street contained stepping stones so that when it had been raining, people didn’t have to walk through sewage. There was enough room between stones for wheeled traffic aswell. Deep groove marks in the roads indicate to us that there was alot of wheeled traffic on the road. There were two different roads, the Decumani and the Cardines. The decumani ran east to west and the cardines ran north to south. On cross roads there were shrines called nymphaea which were water fountains. Via Stabiana: The Via Stabiana stretches from the Porta Stabia to the center of the city. Along this street, on the west side is the Gladiators’ Barracks and the Odeon. There were stepping stones to allow pedestrians to cross the street without stepping into whatever might be in the street itself. Carriages could still travel along the streets, their wheels passing between the stepping stones. On the east are a number of residences and shops, including a bakery with an oven which is seen as a hole in the wall with a large stone above it. Next door is a thermapolium with a counter containing four pottery jars sunk into the counter. Further along on the Via Stabiana is the Domus of Q. Octavius Romulus. Villa of the Papyri: The Villa of the papyri is a large residential complex situated on the slope of Vesuvius in Herculaneum. Judging from the size and value of the house, it can be said that the owner of the house was extremely wealthy. Unlike other ancient roman houses, it had its own water supply which in those days was extreme luxury. It was decorated with statues and columns of Greek influence. Praedia of Julia Felix: Julia Felix was an extremely wealthy woman from Pompeii who inherited her fortune from family. She owned a large estate which was decorated with floral motifs, statues and scenes of the Nile river aswell as a shrine to Isis the Egyptian goddess.

Morality Essay -- Character Analysis, Gawain

We as humans often gauge ourselves and our perceived virtues on the scale of our peers; it is hard for us to form an authentic self view without the moral ruler of others. The obvious problem with this universal human practice is that our analysis depends greatly on the company we keep. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight the poet explores Sir Gawain's moral development throughout his ordeal, often juxtaposing his supposed virtues against those of others, but finally, when he is alone, Gawain gains a sense of his true moral standing. The very moment of Gawain's introduction, the reader begins to sum up his virtues. From his own mouth Gawain explains why he should accept the Green Knight's challenge in place of the king: I am the weakest, the most wanting in wisdom, I know, And my life, if lost, would be least missed, truly. Only through your being my uncle, am I to be valued; No bounty but your blood in my body do I know. (Sir Gawain 34) Gawain bases his arguments in comparison between his traits and those of the other knights. These arguments, although self-depraving, paradoxically increase the reader's estimation of him. His humility is striking, and the fact that he agrees to the challenge while the others - whom Gawain previously described as â€Å"No braver knights when battle is joined† (Sir Gawain 34) - did not, casts doubt on the validity of him being the supposed worst among them. The author gives the reader no indication that anyone in the court attempts to refute Gawain's bleak assertion saying only; Then wisely they whispered of it, And after, all said the same: That the crowned King should be quit, And Gawain given the game. (Sir Gawain 34) This suggests that the common opi... ...y. When he returns donning the lady's green sash as a reminder of his sin, the poet juxtaposes Gawain's shame of this token â€Å"The burden [he] bear[s] for being caught by cowardice and covetousness† (Sir Gawain 114) with the court's reaction: And all the lords and ladies belonging to the Table Laughed at it loudly, and concluded amiably That each brave man of the brotherhood should bear a baldric A band, obliquely about him, of bright green, Of the same hue as Sir Gawain's and for his sake wear it. So it ranked as renown to the Round Table, And an everlasting honour to him who had it, (Sir Gawain 114-115) This comparison truly shows that Gawain has escaped the moral mediocrity and obsession with image that seems to permeate King Arthur's Court. He no longer measures his virtue on the scale of others and hence, has reached moral fulfillment.

Health Care Regulatory Agencies Paper Essay

Health care regulatory agencies supervise professional of the health care profession such as physicians, hospitals, and labs. Providing information in regards to changes in health care along with ensuring the safety and legal compliance and the quality of services provided to the public is the duty assigned to the agency. These agencies can range from the federal, all the way to the local level with the task of establishing rules and regulations for the health care industry to follow. The supervision of these is imperative. Fields of expertise range from disease control, health care providers, to food and drug. These different agencies are all housed under the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is the agency that will be analyzed in this paper. The FDA or Food and Drug administration is the oldest agency in the federal government of the U. S. This scientific, regulatory, and public health agency supervises items in the market that account for one fourth of every dollar spent by consumers. Earlier duties involved doing chemical analysis of farming products back in 1862 when it was known as the Department of Agriculture. In 1930 this department was renamed to the name that the public recognizes presently. The governing role started with the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, this law banned interstate trading in contaminated and incorrectly labeled food and drugs. The enforcement of this law was headed by Chief Chemist Harvey Washington Wiley. As of today, the agency now employs over 10,000 that is made up of pharmacists, physicians, veterinarians, lawyers, microbiologists, chemists and pharmacologists. These were the starting blocks of consumer protection that would later evolve in to the regulatory laws that we presently abide by. The responsibilities over the years have been modified, to keep up with changes in politics, culture, and the economy. Its power of influence includes most food products (with the exception of poultry and meat), animal and human medication, therapeutic agents of biological origin, medical instruments, radiation-emitting products for consumer, medical, and professional use, toiletries, make-up, and animal food (FDA, 2009). Agency scientists review applications for new human and animal drugs, infant formulas, food and color additives, and complex medical devices. Also, the FDA monitor s the transport, storage, import, manufacture, and sale of about $1 trillion worth of products annually (FDA, 2009). States utilized the primary control over nationally produced and distributed goods and drugs in the 19th century. The control that was administered was conflicting from state to state. The Vaccine Act of 1813, though brief, was the first federal law that addressed buyer protection and medication for the public. At such federal power was restricted to medicine and foods that were brought in. With advancement in the field of science, fraudulent acts like manufacturing contaminated food were easier to identify. Drug companies had developed techniques that made medicine less potent but more beneficial by cutting the drug with just about anything. The meat packing industry was also exposed for its sickening situation. These dishonest and unsafe practices prompted the driving force that lead to both a meat inspection law and a comprehensive food and drug law . President Roosevelt passed in to law The Food and Drug Act in June of 1906. Under this act guidelines were established to the labeling of products. Drugs could not be sold unless it met the standard defined in the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary. If there was a difference from the norm it should be stated on the label. Foods were not subjected to the same similar standards, however the law banned the addition of any component that would alternate the food, cover up damage, create a health risk, or amount to a dirty or decayed substance. The FDA is made up of seven centers: the National Center for Toxicological Research Organization, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Organization, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Organization, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Organization, Center for Tobacco Products Organization, Center for Veterinary Medicine Organization, and the Center for Devices and Radiological Health Organization. Impact On the FDA website there are sections that house the important information pertaining to pet safety and health, safety information and problems with human health products, and food safety. There are also press releases by the various industries and the FDA on recalls of different products. There was a recent ruling that made the media headlines that shows how important the rulings of the FDA are to the public. On March 18, 2010 new rules were announced that have a strict impact on the way that the tobacco industry can sell and market smokeless products and cigarettes. In particular the advertising that targets the nation’s youth population. That law that takes effect on June 22, prevents the FDA from prohibiting tobacco or nicotine, but it gives the agency infinite authority to control the ingredients in tobacco products and the way they are marketed, distributed and sold (Lyndsey, 2010). Companies will no longer be able to sponsor events that involve entertainment or sports among other things. Federal punishment for violators varies from penalties to warnings. This has been an ongoing battle since 1996 when the FDA tried to crack down on the advertising but the industry fought back in court and won. They accused the agency of stepping outside the bounds of their authority.

Secondary Motives

SECONDARY/ LEARNT/ PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES  ·Besides the basic biological needs, the expression of psychological needs is also of great significance:through society and culture in which one lives.  · Non-satisfaction of these motives may lead to mental illness. Main psychological needs are: i. Achievement ii. Curiosity iii. Need for appraisaliv iv. Need for affiliationv v. Need for powervi vi. Work as motive 1. Achievement  · Self- actualization or attaining excellence in relevant domain is the characteristic feature ofthis motive. The need to achieve something, some object of desire, a goal, or position/status.  · The source of satisfaction is not just the achievement of the goal, but the very act of strivingfor it too.  · The level of the need for achievement varies from person to person.  · Some are high and some low achievers.  · Competition is an important element of this need.  · Achievement motivation is a significant variable in a competitive society.  · Peopl e with high motivation: Take and overcome challenges in order to succeed rather thanfinding an easy ways of achieving success. Similar essay: Primary and Secondary Reflection Examples People with low motivation: Tends to avoid failure, finding easy way outs, not desire to takedifficult tasks.  · Methods of measuring achievement motivation: · Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is used; series of ambiguous pictures are presented tothe person and ask him to write a story on it.  · Instructions are given as that the story must have a beginning, middle and an end along withthe title; who are the people, what they are thinking, feeling, wanting etc; what is going onand what will happen____ all depicts the needs, desires and motivation to succeed/ achieve. In short the subject describes the past, present and future along with the description ofcharacters and their thinking and motivation.  · Factors Contributing to the Need for Achievemento Parents who are warm for their child as well as make high standards for theirchild; encouragement is given on becoming independent. o Siblings who are high achievers in their own domain. 2. Curiosity  · Think why a little chil d always wanting to break toys and things? Why children always asks questions of things they saw on TV, read it or listen from any one · It is all their curiosity and need to explore in order to find answers of these puzzles.  · It is a significantly inborn but learned also: found in both humans and animals.  · Parents encourage their children's curiosity by satisfying their inquisitiveness.  · School also plays an important role; the teaching methodology adopted may encourage or discouragecuriosity. 3. Symbolic Reward/ Appraisal Appraisal is a powerful motive for everyone; especially for children and animals ·Praising words, petting after doing well etc all serve as symbolic reward for the learner.  ·The presence and the attitude of the more liked serves as a social reward for thelearner e. g. child with his mother, dog with its caretaker etc. Parent's approval and disapproval, liking and disliking towards the child all areincluded in symbolic rewards. 4. Need for affil iation  ·Urge/ desire to main a relationship with other people; making friends, social contact with otherpeople. Less desire to be isolated or alone.  ·Studies showed that females spend a larger span of time among friends and peers as compared tomales.  ·Although the need for affiliation is a universal phenomenon, cultural differences do exist in itsexpression; some cultures have more group cohesiveness than others. 5. Need for Power  · Desire to influence, hold or ruling over others in order to be recognized as powerful individual.  · These types of people prefer to work in big organizations, businesses and other influentialprofessions. There also exists gender differences among males and females; men are more apt to take challengesand respond quite aggressively irrespective of women who are socially restrained and traditional inher behavior. 6. Work  · Most of the people spent large span of time in their life at work; for this reason, psychologists take itas another po werful motive  · Work serves as a powerful motive because it satisfies other motives also such as biological motives ofhunger, shelter etc, sense of achievement, affiliation and decision-making.

2 Forms of the Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish

2 Forms of the Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish Why are there two forms of the imperfect subjunctive, such as hablara and hablase? Do they mean the same thing? The -se form might be considered the traditional form of the imperfect (or past) subjunctive, while the -ra comes from an old Latin indicative form. Over time, the two verb forms came to be used identically. Today, with a few regional exceptions, the -ra form has basically replaced the -se form, and so it is the -ra form you should learn. When used as the imperfect subjunctive, the two forms are interchangeable. The -se form is sometimes known as a literary form because it is used much less, but there is no difference in meaning. Examples of the Imperfect Subjunctive in Use, Showing the -ra  Form Si fuera fcil yo tocarà ­a el piano. (If it were easy I would play the piano.)Espero que à ©l estudiara con cuidado. (I hope he studied carefully.)Le prohibieron que utilizara las redes sociales. (They prohibited her from using social networks.) There are ​very few cases where the use of the -ra form as an indicative verb form has survived in modern Spanish, although you will seldom hear them. In some parts of Latin America as well as some areas near Portugal, you may hear the -ra form substitute for the pluperfect (e.g., fuera instead of habà ­a sido to say had been). There are some speakers who use the -ra form of haber as a substitute for the conditional, that is hubiera conocido instead of habrà ­a conocido for would have known; that usage can also be found occasionally in literature. In these rare cases where the -ra form is used instead of the conditional, the -se form cant be used as a substitute for the conditional. It isnt important to learn these variations, but it can be helpful to remember they exist in case you come across them. The -ra  Conjugation Pattern for Regular Verbs -ar verbs: que yo hablara, que tà º hablaras, que usted/à ©l/ella hablara, que nosotros hablramos, que vosotros hablarais, que ustedes/ellos/ellas hablaran.-er verbs: que yo aprendiera, que tà º aprendieras, que usted/à ©l/ella aprendiera, que nosotros aprendià ©ramos, que aprendierais, que ustedes/ellos/ellas aprendieran.-ir verbs: que yo viviera, que tà º vivieras, que usted/à ©l/ella viviera, que nosotros vivià ©ramos, que vosotros vivierais, que ustedes/ellos/ellas vivieran.

Introduction to Utility Maximization

Introduction to Utility Maximization As consumers, we make choices every day about what and how much to buy and use. In order to model how consumers make these decisions, economists (reasonably) assume that people make choices that maximize their levels of happiness (i.e. that people are economically rational). Economists even have their own word for happiness: utility: the amount of happiness gained from consuming a good or service This concept of economic utility has some specific properties that are important to keep in mind: sign matters: positive utility numbers (i.e. numbers greater than zero) indicate that consuming a good makes the consumer happier. Conversely, negative utility numbers (i.e. numbers less than zero) indicate that consuming a good makes the consumer less happy. bigger is better: The greater the utility number, the more happiness the consumer receives from consuming an item. (Note that this is consistent with the first point since large negative numbers are smaller, i.e. less than, small negative numbers.) ordinal but not cardinal properties: Utility numbers can be compared, but it doesnt necessarily make sense to perform calculations with them. In other words, while it is the case that a utility of 6 is better than a utility of 3, it is not necessarily the case that a utility of 6 is twice as good as a utility of 3. Similarly, its not necessarily the case that a utility of 2 and a utility of 3 would add to a utility of 5. Economists use this concept of utility to model consumers preferences since it stands to reason that consumers prefer items that give them higher levels of utility. The consumers decision regarding what to consume, therefore, boils down to answering the question What affordable combination of goods and services gives me the most happiness? In the utility maximization model, the affordable part of the question is represented by a budget constraint and the happiness part is represented by what are known as indifference curves. We will examine each of these in turn and then put them together to arrive at the consumers optimal consumption.

Federal Wolves at the Door Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal Wolves at the Door - Essay Example The federal Endangered Species Act however protects a threatened or endangered species throughout its breeding range. The second reason for the preference of national legislation is that state’s regulations may be inadequate to protect the endangered species. For instance, the regulatory mechanisms in Idaho, home of the northern Rockies gray wolves, are considered inadequate for two key reasons (Alderman 1232). One, the wolf management plans of the state are non-binding in nature and thus difficult to enforce because state residents are not bound to comply with them. Two, unregulated killing of wolves is allowed under the Idaho defence of property laws if it is for the protection of domestic animals. Further, an upper limit has not been set for the number of wolves that can be killed in defence of domestic animals (Alderman 1222). Although opinion is divided on whether the states should be allowed to regulate and administer endangered species that inhabit their jurisdictions, the Endangered Species Act remains the reference point for the protection of endangered species. Alderman, Jesse. â€Å"Crying Wolf: The Unlawful Delisting of Northern Rocky Mountain Gray Wolves from Endangered Species Act Protections.† Boston College Law Review 50.2 (2009): 1195-1241. Web. 3 Nov.

Global Warming Melts from View Now That Economys on Ice Essay

Global Warming Melts from View Now That Economys on Ice - Essay Example This article was big on words and figures and speech but lack the hard proof to substantiate its claims. The author started his article with the sentence â€Å" GIVEN that we, at least everybody with a government-guaranteed bank account, are all socialists now, everybody understands how cruelly incompetent capitalism is.† Most words used in this sentence have depreciatory ring to them and the object of the criticism is capitalism. The author, in this first sentence, created these antithetical ideas of socialism and capitalism and instantly attributing to the latter dire qualities. He referred to it as â€Å"cruel† and â€Å"incompetent† while at the same time calling Australians socialists, which is of course, a hyperbole because having some people own a government-guaranteed bank account, do not constitute a country into a socialist one. The idea is perhaps, to picture capitalism and the Australian people as poles apart creating a nemesis effect.